Sec. 4 四
But the Japanese smile must not be imagined as a kind of sourire figé, worn perpetually as a soul-mask. Like other matters of deportment, it is regulated by an etiquette which varies in different classes of society. As a rule, the old samurai were not given to smiling upon all occasions; they reserved their amiability for superiors and intimates, and would seem to have maintained toward inferiors an austere reserve. The dignity of the Shinto priesthood has become proverbial; and for centuries the gravity of the Confucian code was mirrored in the decorum of magistrates and officials. From ancient times the nobility affected a still loftier reserve; and the solemnity of rank deepened through all the hierarchies up to that awful state surrounding the Tenshi-Sama, upon whose face no living man might look. But in private life the demeanour of the highest had its amiable relaxation; and even to-day, with some hopelessly modernised exceptions, the noble, the judge, the high priest, the august minister, the military officer, will resume at home, in the intervals of duty, the charming habits of the antique courtesy.
しかし日本人の微笑を、永久に魂の仮面としてついて居る『冷笑』の一種と想像してはならない。行状に関するその他の事と同じく、社会の種々の階級と共に変化する作法によつてこの微笑も加減されて居る。一般に、昔の武士は
The smile which illuminates conversation is in itself but a small detail of that courtesy; but the sentiment which it symbolises certainly comprises the larger part. If you happen to have a cultivated Japanese friend who has remained in all things truly Japanese, whose character has remained untouched by the new egotism and by foreign influences, you will probably be able to study in him the particular social traits of the whole people—traits in his case exquisitely accentuated and polished. You will observe that, as a rule, he never speaks of himself, and that, in reply to searching personal questions, he will answer as vaguely and briefly as possible, with a polite bow of thanks. But, on the other hand, he will ask many questions about yourself: your opinions, your ideas, even trifling details of your daily life, appear to have deep interest for him; and you will probably have occasion to note that he never forgets anything which he has learned concerning you. Yet there are certain rigid limits to his kindly curiosity, and perhaps even to his observation: he will never refer to any disagreeable or painful matter, and he will seem to remain blind to eccentricities or small weaknesses, if you have any. To your face he will never praise you; but he will never laugh at you nor criticise you. Indeed, you will find that he never criticises persons, but only actions in their results. As a private adviser, he will not even directly criticise a plan of which he disapproves, but is apt to suggest a new one in some such guarded language as: 'Perhaps it might be more to your immediate interest to do thus and so.' When obliged to speak of others, he will refer to them in a curious indirect fashion, by citing and combining a number of incidents sufficiently characteristic to form a picture. But in that event the incidents narrated will almost certainly be of a nature to awaken interest, and to create a favourable impression. This indirect way of conveying information is essentially Confucian. 'Even when you have no doubts,' says the Li-Ki, 'do not let what you say appear as your own view.' And it is quite probable that you will notice many other traits in your friend requiring some knowledge of the Chinese classics to understand. But no such knowledge necessary to convince you of his exquisite consideration for others, and his studied suppression of self. Among no other civilised people is the secret of happy living so thoroughly comprehended as among the Japanese; by no other race is the truth so widely understood that our pleasure in life must depend upon the happiness of those about us, and consequently upon the cultivation in ourselves of unselfishness and of patience. For which reason, in Japanese society, sarcasm irony, cruel wit, are not indulged. I might almost say that they have no existence in refined life. A personal failing is not made the subject of ridicule or reproach; an eccentricity is not commented upon; an involuntary mistake excites no laughter.
会話を明るくする微笑は、それ自身ではその丁寧な礼儀の一箇条に過ぎない、しかしその微笑が表はして居る精神はたしかにその大部分をなして居る。読者がもし凡ての点に於て真に日本人であり、又その性格は新しい利己主義と外国の影響とに感化されないで居る教養ある日本人の友人をもつてゐたら、読者は多分その友人から全日本の社会的特性、その友人の場合に於て美妙に強くなり又磨かれた特性、を学ぶ事を得よう。読者はその友人は、きまつて、自分の事は決して云はない事、そして細かい個人的質問に対して、感謝の丁寧なお辞儀と共にできるだけ曖昧に、できるだけ簡単に答へる事を認めよう。しかし、それに反して、君については沢山の質問をするであらう、君の意見、君の考、君の日常生活の些細なる話までも、その友人に取つては深い興味があるやうに見える、そして君はその友人が君に関して聞いた事は何事も忘れない事に気のつく場合が多分あらう。しかし彼の親切な好奇心にも又彼の注意にさへも、
訳者註二。『直而勿有』をJames Leggeがかく訳した。Stiffened somewhat by the Chinese conservatism of the old conditions, it is true that this ethical system was maintained the extreme of giving fixity to ideas, and at the cost of individuality. And yet, if regulated by a broader comprehension social requirements, if expanded by scientific understanding of the freedom essential to intellectual evolution, the very same moral policy is that through which the highest and happiest results may be obtained. But as actually practised it was not favourable to originality; it rather tended to enforce the amiable mediocrity of opinion and imagination which still prevails. Wherefore a foreign dweller in the interior cannot but long sometimes for the sharp, erratic inequalities Western life, with its larger joys and pains and its more comprehensive sympathies. But sometimes only, for the intellectual loss is really more than compensated by the social charm; and there can remain no doubt in the mind of one who even partly understands the Japanese, that they are still the best people in the world to live among.
古風の支那の保守主義によつて幾分固くなつたために、この倫理系統は人の思想を固定させると云ふ極端まで行つて、しかも個性を犠牲にして支へられて居る事は事実である。それでも、もし社会的必要の一層博大なる理解によつて調節されたら、もし智力的進化に必要なる自由を学術的に了解する事によつて拡げられたら、正しくこの道徳方針はそれによつて最も高き又最も幸福な効果の得らるべき方針である。しかし実際行はれた処ではそれは独創力のためにはならなかつた、むしろ今も行はれて居るが意見や想像の温良なる平凡と云ふ事を強くする傾向があつた。それ故内地に住んで居る外国人は時々西洋生活のもつと大きな楽しみと苦しみ、それからもつと博大な同情のある鋭い、常規を逸した不平等を望まざるを得ない。しかしこれは只時々である、それは智力上の損失は社会的美点によつて全く十二分に償はれるからである。そして日本人を幾分しか了解しない人の心にも日本人はその間に入つて生活するにはやはり世界最良の人種であるとの考が疑もなく残るのである。
ラフカディオ・ハーン「知られぬ日本の面影」『小泉八雲全集 第三巻』、第一書房、大正15年
0 件のコメント:
コメントを投稿